APHG Unit 7 Practice Test (Free MCQ and FRQ)

APHG Unit 7: Industrial and Economic Development Patterns and Processes Practice Test (Free MCQ and FRQ) Questions and Answers. Are you preparing for AP Human Geography Unit 7: Industrial and Economic Development Patterns and Processes? We’ve got you covered with a comprehensive practice test featuring free multiple-choice questions (MCQ) and free-response questions (FRQ) answers.

Our APHG Unit 7 practice test is designed to help you master the essential concepts of industrialization, economic development, and the spatial patterns of economic activities. Enhance your understanding and boost your confidence with our detailed questions and answers, tailored to meet your study needs. Start practicing now to excel in your AP Human Geography exam!

Table of Contents

APHG Unit 7 Practice Test – MCQ

Unit 7: Industrial and Economic Development Patterns and Processes

Advanced Placement Human Geography (APHG)
Unit 7: Industrial and Economic Development Patterns and Processes
Total Items: 17
Free Test No Registration is Required

1 / 17

First-tier world cities include

(A) Tokyo, Mexico City, and Sao Paulo.

(B) Tokyo, London, and New York.

(D) Washington, Moscow, and London.

(E) Los Angeles, London, and Paris.

2 / 17

Gender equity is related to

(A) Gross National Product.

(B) cultural traditions.

(D) All of the above

(E) Only (A) and (B)

3 / 17

The _____________ is a measure of all goods and services produced by a country in a year, including production from its investments abroad, minus the loss or degradation of natural resource capital as a result of productivity.

(A) Net National Product

(B) Gross National Product

(D) Intrinsic-Productivity Index

(E) Purchasing-Power Parity

4 / 17

Rostow’s stages-of-development model predicts that each country’s economy will progress from

(A) high consumption to ecological sustainability.

(B) low output to high input.

(D) high levels of pollution to efficient resource use.

(E) low employment in tertiary activities to high employment in primary activities.

5 / 17

Niger’s economy is mostly limited to

(A) service industries.

(B) primary economic activities.

(D) quaternary economic activities.

(E) nonbasic industry.

6 / 17

Mexico’s maquiladoras are examples of

(A) offshore financial centers.

(B) transnationals.

(D) export-processing zones.

(E) ancillary activities.

7 / 17

_____________ take advantage of geographic differences in wages, labor laws, environmental regulations, taxes, and the distribution of natural resources by locating various aspects of their production in different countries.

(A) Conglomerate corporations

(B) E-businesses

(D) Service industries

(E) Footloose industries

8 / 17

Deindustrialization has had a dramatic impact on which of the following regions?

(A) The lower Mississippi Valley

(B) The Great Plains

(D) The Pacific Northwest

(E) The Cotton Belt

9 / 17

Which of the following are commonly associated with the Industrial Revolution?

(A) Specialty goods

(B) Cottage industries

(D) The printing press

(E) Guild industries

10 / 17

The Industrial Revolution

(A) began in Germany in the 16th century.

(B) was initiated by Henry Ford.

(D) reached its peak in the 1970s.

(E) began in the United States in the early 20th century.

11 / 17

Globalization

(A) is a new and unique phenomenon.

(B) has penetrated the entire world.

(D) has a long and circuitous history.

(E) does not cause a countermovement of localization.

12 / 17

The idea that resources should be conserved so that people living today can meet their needs without limiting the ability of future generations to do the same is called

(A) globalization.

(B) gross national happiness.

(D) environmental conservation.

(E) subsistence economics.

13 / 17

Which of the following regions is NOT an economic backwater?

(A) Buenos Aires, Argentina

(B) Western China

(D) Lower Mississippi Valley

(E) Upper Great Plains

14 / 17

Economic activities that increase and thereby benefit from agglomerations in particular regions are called

(A) ancillary activities.

(B) tertiary activities.

(D) quinary activities.

(E) footloose industries.

15 / 17

Mr. Jemstone located his jewelry shop in a place near his home so that he can eat lunch with Mrs. Jemstone every afternoon.

(A) His locational decision represents a market orientation.

(B) Since Mr. Jemstone owns his own business, he has chosen an optimal site as he minimizes transport costs to and from work.

(C) It doesn’t matter too much where Mr. Jemstone put his jewelry shop because it is a footloose industry and as long as a viable market exists, he can locate pretty much anywhere.

(D) Because most jewelry shopping occurs online, the actual location of the shop is unimportant.

(E) Mr. and Mrs. Jemstone probably participate in a cottage industry.

16 / 17

The clustering of financial firms on Wall Street in New York is an example of

(A) least-cost theory.

(B) agglomeration.

(D) ancillary industry.

(E) central-place theory.

17 / 17

Firms try to locate their production facilities to

(A) maximize spatial accessibility.

(B) maximize visibility and minimize transportation.

(D) minimize costs and maximize profits.

(E) minimize competition.

Your score is

APHG Unit 7 Practice Test – FRQ

Free-Response Questions

1. Industrialization and Economic Development

(A) Explain the stages of Rostow’s Stages of Economic Growth model. Discuss its applicability to contemporary developing countries.

(B) Analyze the factors that have led to the rise of the service sector in developed economies. Provide examples of how this shift has impacted urban and rural areas.

2. Globalization and Economic Patterns

(A) Define globalization and discuss its impact on economic activities and labor markets in both developed and developing countries.

(B) Evaluate the role of multinational corporations (MNCs) in the global economy. Discuss the positive and negative impacts of MNCs on host countries.

Free-Response Answers

1. Industrialization and Economic Development

(A) Explain the stages of Rostow’s Stages of Economic Growth model. Discuss its applicability to contemporary developing countries.

Answer:

Rostow’s Stages of Economic Growth Model:

Traditional Society: Characterized by subsistence agriculture, limited technology, and static societal structures. Economic output is primarily focused on basic needs, with little surplus for trade.
- Example: Some rural areas in Sub-Saharan Africa still exhibit characteristics of traditional societies, relying on agriculture and traditional practices.
Preconditions for Takeoff: The development process begins with establishing more productive agricultural practices, infrastructure improvements, and initiating external trade. This stage often involves significant investment in infrastructure, such as roads, ports, and communication systems.
- Example: Countries like Bangladesh have seen infrastructure development and initial industrialization efforts in recent decades.
Takeoff: Rapid growth is experienced in a limited number of industries, leading to increased investment, urbanization, and technological advancement. This stage is marked by significant industrial growth and the beginning of sustained economic expansion.
- Example: South Korea experienced rapid industrial growth and economic expansion during the 1960s and 1970s, moving through the takeoff stage.
Drive to Maturity: The economy diversifies, spreading growth to various industries. Technological innovation continues, and the country develops a more complex industrial base. Income levels rise, and the benefits of economic growth become more widely distributed.
- Example: China has diversified its economy beyond manufacturing to include services and technology sectors over the past few decades.
Age of High Mass Consumption: Characterized by high levels of consumer goods production and consumption. The economy shifts from heavy industry to consumer goods and services, with a high standard of living and widespread access to goods and services.
- Example: The United States and other developed countries are in this stage, with high levels of consumer spending and a dominant service sector.

Applicability to Contemporary Developing Countries:

While Rostow’s model provides a useful framework for understanding economic development, its linear progression may not accurately reflect the complexities of contemporary developing countries. Globalization, geopolitical dynamics, and environmental constraints can influence development paths. Additionally, the model assumes that all countries will follow the same path, which may not account for unique cultural, historical, and social contexts.

(B) Analyze the factors that have led to the rise of the service sector in developed economies. Provide examples of how this shift has impacted urban and rural areas.

Answer:

Factors Leading to the Rise of the Service Sector:

Technological Advancements: Innovations in information and communication technologies have facilitated the growth of services such as finance, healthcare, education, and information technology.
- Example: Silicon Valley’s rise as a global hub for technology and innovation has significantly boosted the service sector in the United States.
Globalization: Increased global trade and investment have expanded the reach of service-based industries, such as financial services, consulting, and tourism.
- Example: London’s financial services sector has grown due to its status as a global financial center, which attracts businesses and talent from around the world.
Changing Consumer Preferences: As income levels rise, consumers demand more services, including healthcare, education, entertainment, and personal services.
- Example: The growth of the healthcare and wellness industry in developed countries reflects increased demand for services related to health and well-being.
Economic Transition: Deindustrialization in many developed economies has shifted from manufacturing to service-based industries.
- Example: The decline of manufacturing in the Rust Belt region of the United States has been accompanied by the growth of the service sector in cities like Pittsburgh and Cleveland.

Impact on Urban and Rural Areas:

Urban Areas:

Economic Growth: Cities with a strong service sector have experienced economic growth, job creation, and increased income levels.
- Example: New York City, with its diverse service economy including finance, media, and technology, has seen significant economic growth and urban development.
Gentrification: The influx of service-sector jobs and high-income professionals can lead to gentrification, driving up property values and displacing lower-income residents.
- Example: Neighborhoods in San Francisco have undergone gentrification, which has resulted in higher housing costs and the displacement of long-time residents.

Rural Areas:

Service Access: Rural areas may face challenges in accessing essential services such as healthcare and education, leading to disparities in quality of life.
- Example: Rural communities in Appalachia struggle with limited access to healthcare services, impacting health outcomes.
Economic Diversification: Some rural areas have diversified their economies by developing tourism and recreational services.
- Example: The development of eco-tourism in rural parts of Costa Rica has provided new economic opportunities and supported conservation efforts.

2. Globalization and Economic Patterns

(A) Define globalization and discuss its impact on economic activities and labor markets in both developed and developing countries.

Answer:

Globalization: Globalization refers to the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of the world’s economies, cultures, and populations, driven by international trade, investment, and information technology. It involves the flow of goods, services, capital, information, and people across borders, creating a more integrated global economy.

Impact on Economic Activities:

Developed Countries:

Economic Restructuring: Globalization has led to declining traditional manufacturing industries in developed countries, resulting in economic restructuring towards service-based economies.
- Example: The shift from manufacturing to services in the United States has transformed cities like Detroit, once a manufacturing powerhouse, into a service-oriented economy.
Increased Competition: Companies in developed countries face increased competition from foreign firms, leading to innovation and efficiency improvements.
- Example: The automotive industry in Germany faces competition from Japanese and South Korean manufacturers, driving innovation and quality improvements.

Developing Countries:

Industrialization: Globalization has accelerated industrialization in developing countries by attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) and integrating them into global supply chains.
- Example: Countries like Vietnam have experienced rapid industrial growth and increased exports due to investment from multinational corporations (MNCs) in manufacturing.
Economic Growth: Integration into the global economy has led to higher economic growth rates and improved living standards in many developing countries.
- Example: China’s integration into the global economy has resulted in significant economic growth, lifting millions out of poverty and transforming it into a major global economic power.

Impact on Labor Markets:

Developed Countries:

Job Displacement: The relocation of manufacturing jobs to lower-cost countries has led to job losses and wage stagnation in some sectors.
- Example: Outsourcing manufacturing jobs to countries like China and Mexico has contributed to job losses in the Rust Belt region of the United States.
Service Sector Growth: The rise of the service sector has created new job opportunities, particularly in technology, finance, and healthcare.
- Example: The growth of the information technology sector has created high-paying jobs in cities like San Francisco and Seattle.

Developing Countries:

Job Creation: Globalization has created job opportunities in manufacturing and export-oriented industries, contributing to economic development.
- Example: The growth of the garment industry in Bangladesh has created millions of jobs, particularly for women, and has become a key driver of economic growth.
Labor Exploitation: The demand for cheap labor can lead to poor working conditions, low wages, and exploitation in developing countries.
- Example: The collapse of the Rana Plaza garment factory in Bangladesh highlighted the unsafe working conditions and labor rights abuses in the garment industry.

(B) Evaluate the role of multinational corporations (MNCs) in the global economy. Discuss the positive and negative impacts of MNCs on host countries.

Answer:

Role of Multinational Corporations (MNCs): large companies that operate in multiple countries, leveraging global resources and markets to conduct their business activities. They play a significant role in the global economy by driving international trade, investment, and economic integration.

Positive Impacts of MNCs:

Job Creation: MNCs create employment opportunities in host countries, contributing to economic growth and development.
- Example: Companies like Toyota and Ford have established automobile manufacturing plants in countries like Mexico and Thailand, creating thousands of jobs.
Technology Transfer: MNCs bring advanced technologies and management practices to host countries, enhancing productivity and innovation.
- Example: The presence of technology companies like Microsoft and Google in India has led to the transfer of knowledge and skills, boosting the local technology sector.
Infrastructure Development: MNCs often invest in infrastructure projects, such as roads, ports, and communication networks, which benefit the host country’s economy.
- Example: Developing the Suez Canal Economic Zone in Egypt has attracted significant investment from MNCs, leading to infrastructure improvements and economic development.

Negative Impacts of MNCs:

Labor Exploitation: MNCs may exploit labor in host countries by paying low wages and providing poor working conditions.
- Example: The use of sweatshops by MNCs in the garment industry in countries like Bangladesh and Cambodia has raised concerns about labor rights abuses.
Environmental Degradation: MNCs can contribute to environmental damage through resource extraction, pollution, and unsustainable practices.
- Example: Mining activities by MNCs in the Democratic Republic of Congo have led to deforestation, water pollution, and habitat destruction.
Economic Dependence: Host countries may become economically dependent on MNCs, which can lead to a lack of diversification and vulnerability to external shocks.
- Example: The dominance of MNCs in the oil industry in Nigeria has created economic dependency on oil exports, making the country vulnerable to fluctuations in global oil prices.

By understanding these concepts and examples, students can gain a deeper insight into the complex processes and patterns that shape industrial and economic development in the modern world.

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